Which action is explicitly excluded from long-arm jurisdiction in New York?

• A. Tortious conduct in NY
• B. Business transaction in NY
• C. Ownership of NY real property
• D. Defamation

Answer: (D)

New York’s long-arm reach is limited to specific grounds, not a free-for-all. The statute lays out clear routes for a nonresident to be hauled into NY courts: if they transact business in the state, if a tortious act outside the state causes injury in NY, or if they own or use real property located in NY (including actions arising from that property). Those categories are explicitly available bases for jurisdiction.

Defamation isn’t listed as its own basis in the statute. If defamation occurs in NY, it can fall under the tort-based route, but there isn’t a separate, explicit long-arm hook for defamation itself. If the defamation has no NY-related connection that fits one of the enumerated grounds, it wouldn’t by itself be a long-arm action. That’s why defamation stands as the action not explicitly included in NY’s long-arm framework.